| Tracking or Targeted Stocks |
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| In addition to common stock, companies may issue what is known as tracking or targeted stock. For example, a large automaker that acquired a company in the computer industry issued a tracking stock that tracked the performance of the acquired company once it began operating as a division of the automaker. More... |
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| Breakpoints in Mutual Fund Charges |
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| Mutual funds may offer "breakpoints" in their front-end sales load. Thus, a fund that charges a fee of five percent for investments up to $25,000 may charge only four percent for investments from $25,000 to $50,000 and three percent for investments over $50,000. The fund has breakpoints at $25,000 and $50,000.More... |
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| Discrimination Complaints under the Clean Air Act |
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| Protection for whistleblowers under the Clean Air ActMore... |
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| Investment Advisor Codes of Ethics |
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| Rule 204A-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission, adopted pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, requires implementation of codes of ethics by investment advisers. Each adviser's code of ethics must include a standard of conduct and must require compliance with federal securities laws. The codes also must require that investment adviser employees must report their personal stock transactions, and copies of the codes must be made available to clients of the investment advisor.More... |
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| Corporate Criminal Penalties |
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| Organizations may be held liable for criminal conduct just as individuals may be convicted of criminal conduct. The Organizational Sentencing Guidelines of the United States Sentencing Commission (Guidelines) apply to all federal felony and Class A misdemeanor offenses. Under the Guidelines, an organization can be fined, sentenced to probation for up to five years, subjected to statutory forfeiture, ordered to make restitution, and issue public apologies to victims. The term "organization" refers to "a person other than an individual." This includes publicly and privately held corporations, partnerships, associations, joint-stock companies, labor unions, trusts, pension funds, unincorporated organizations, non-profit entities, governments, and political subdivisions of governments. According to the Deputy Counsel for the United States Sentencing Commission, the most common criminal offense committed by an organization is fraud. Other common offenses include environmental pollution, money laundering, and food and drug violations. The Guidelines have two basic purposes: just punishment and deterrence.
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